4/C & Then Some :)

Nature and it's inherent connect to tech never ceases to amaze. Back in the day, yours truly was a corporate identity designer using 4/C printing (CYMK - Cyan, Yellow, Magenta & Black/K - used to enhance the printing process) to produce annual reports and ad supplements for companies as CYMK enables printers to recreate the full color spectrum without issue whether the print process be inkjet, offset or rotogravure. Correspondingly, as described in the Physorg piece, four colors were also used by cartographers because...

four colors are sufficient to color different countries on a 2D map so that no two adjacent countries have the same color (excluding intersecting corners). 

Now it appears researchers use the same centuries old approach to manipulating color to better understand the nature of crystals.

Now, a team of mathematicians, physicists, and chemists from the US, South Korea, and Japan has discovered that the four-color theorem can be used to understand the crystal structure and magnetic properties of a complex material. Their paper is published in a recent issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

"Most technological materials such as steels or magnets exhibit complex domain structures, which often determine macroscopic physical properties," Sang-Wook Cheong, Professor at both Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey, and at the Pohang University of Science and Technology in Pohang, South Korea, told Phys.org. "Our paper, for the first time, demonstrated that the configuration of domain structures can be understood in terms of mathematics, specifically color theorems.

Seen below is the RGB (Additive colors - used for video) and CYMK (Subtractive colors used for print) diagram set showing how colors interact to generate the full color set populating every image output device known to man. Note: K - Black is always used in quality printing as subtractive inks are "dirty", thus requiring black to enhance the printing process. :)

The Color Red

After reading the University of Rochester's interesting article regarding the color red, it's no wonder why it's the color of choice for all things relating to war, sports and every other endeavor requiring speed, strength and quick reaction times. 

"A new study, published in the latest issue of the journal Emotion, finds that when humans see red, their reactions become both faster and more forceful. And people are unaware of the color's intensifying effect."

But, as often stated in BRT, there's an inevitable cost when getting up close and personal with the color red.

"But threat is a double-edged sword, argue Elliot and coauthor Henk Aarts, professor of psychology at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. Along with mobilizing extra energy, "threat also evokes worry, task distraction, and self-preoccupation, all of which have been shown to tax mental resources," they write in the paper. In earlier color research, exposure to red has proven counterproductive for skilled motor and mental tasks: athletes competing against an opponent wearing red are more likely to lose and students exposed to red before a test perform worse."

Red is one of my favorite colors but blue's the one by a sliver for yours truly. :)

Modularity

Nature is economical. For example, Red, Green & Blue (the three primary/additive colors - light) generate all the colors of the rainbow in TVs, projectors & computer displays while Cyan, Magenta & Yellow (three subtractive colors - ink/paint) do the same thing on paper, canvas or anything else that reflects color. (Black is added to the mix as subtractive colors cannot interact with each other as precisely as additive i.e. CYMK/4 Color Process Color Model.)

In additive color models such as RGB, white is the “additive” combination of all primary colored lights, while black is the absence of light. In the CMYK model, it is just the opposite: white is the natural color of the paper or other background, while black results from a full combination of colored inks.

This kind of elegant economy is also expressed in chemistry with the Periodic Table of Elements, a brilliant concept invented by Dmitry I. Mendeleyev in 1869 to show how the elements relate to one another.

In viewing how the elements work as a system, researchers are now questioning if 68 molecules hold the key to all disease, a finding, if found to be true, could be the breakthrough scientists have been looking for since the beginning of time.

Reviewing findings from multiple disciplines, Jamey Marth, Ph.D., UC San Diego Professor of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, realized that only 68 molecular building blocks are used to construct these four fundamental components of cells: the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, glycans and lipids. His work, which illustrates the primary composition of all cells, is published in the September issue of Nature Cell Biology.

Like the periodic table of elements, first published in 1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, is to chemistry, Marth’s visual metaphor offers a new framework for biologists.

True Colors

"If people say, ‘What kitsch,’ it annoys me but I’m not surprised,” says Brinkmann, who, with his wife, archaeologist Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann, colored this reconstruction of the c.550 B.C., “Lion from Loutraki.”

"A replica of a stele erected c. 510 B.C. on the grave of the Greek warrior, Aristion, commemorates his exploits in battle. He is dressed in yellow bronze or leather armor, a blue helmet (part of which is missing), and matching blue shinguards trimmed in yellow."

Absolutely a great article from Smithsonian Magazine where one learns the ancient Greeks were into color big time, something that would have changed the look of art forever had the pigments stayed on the great statues and buildings the Greeks had created from the 6Th - 2Nd centuries BC. One fascinating tidbit from the article was a passage scholars missed on how just important the Greeks felt about color on their masterpieces.

"My life and fortunes are a monstrosity, Partly because of Hera, partly because of my beauty. If only I could shed my beauty and assume an uglier aspect The way you would wipe color off a statue."

Helen of Troy - Euripides

What's amazing about this is (after the shock wears off that white was NOT the look of Greek art) is the reality of light and color in Greece as bright sun added to blue sky & deep blue sea gives a pretty good notion that color was an essential component to their culture and... "Vinzenz Brinkmann insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target."

The “Alexander Sarcophagus” (c. 320 B.C.), was found in the royal necropolis of the Phoenician city of Sidon.

After looking at the images, one must admit the colors rock and the look does too.

Now just imagine how colorful the Parthenon was... and yes, modernity lives on in spite of the fact it began over 2600 years ago.

Linear Moves +

Ultra closeup of Saturn's rings reveal linear lines of great delicacy and subtle gradations of color based on greys, tans and blacks. Stellar imagery but that's par for the course for Cassini, the little probe that can.

These are the highest-resolution color images of any part of Saturn's rings, to date, showing a portion of the inner-central part of the planet's B Ring. The view is a mosaic of two images that show a region that lies between 61,300 and 65,600 miles (98,600 and 105,500 kilometers) from Saturn's center.

The first image (Figure A, above) is a natural color composite, created using images taken with red, green and blue spectral filters. The pale tan color is generally not perceptible with the naked eye in telescope views, especially given that Saturn has a similar hue.

This image was taken on July 6, 2017, with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera. The image was acquired on the sunlit side of the rings from a distance of 47,000 miles (76,000 kilometers) away from the area pictured. The image scale is about 2 miles (3 kilometers) per pixel. The phase angle, or sun-ring-spacecraft angle, is 90 degrees.

A beautiful simulation based on Saturns rather amazing rings.

Specially designed Cassini orbits place Earth and Cassini on opposite sides of Saturn's rings, a geometry known as occultation. Cassini conducted the first radio occultation observation of Saturn's rings on May 3, 2005.

Three simultaneous radio signals of 0.94, 3.6, and 13 centimeter wavelengths (Ka-, X-, and S-bands) were sent from Cassini through the rings to Earth. The observed change of each signal as Cassini moved behind the rings provided a profile of the distribution of ring material as a function of distance from Saturn, or an optical depth profile.

This simulated image was constructed from the measured optical depth profiles. It depicts the observed ring structure at about 10 kilometers (6 miles) in resolution. Color is used to represent information about ring particle sizes in different regions based on the measured effects of the three radio signals.

Cassine, yours truly will miss you big time.

Up close & personal :)

A false-color image mosaic shows Daphnis, one of Saturn's ring-embedded moons, and the waves it kicks up in the Keeler gap. Images collected by Cassini's close orbits in 2017 are offering new insight into the complex workings of the rings.

Up close & personal, Cassini captures the inner workings of Saturn's rings in imagery both astounding and mysterious to a fault. 

To whit.

As NASA's Cassini dove close to Saturn in its final year, the spacecraft provided intricate detail on the workings of Saturn's complex rings, new analysis shows.

Although the mission ended in 2017, science continues to flow from the data collected. A new paper published June 13 in Science describes results from four Cassini instruments taking their closest-ever observations of the main rings.

Findings include fine details of features sculpted by masses embedded within the rings. Textures and patterns, from clumpy to strawlike, pop out of the images, raising questions about the interactions that shaped them. New maps reveal how colors, chemistry and temperature change across the rings.

Like a planet under construction inside a disk of protoplanetary material, tiny moons embedded in Saturn's rings (named A through G, in order of their discovery) interact with the particles around them. In that way, the paper provides further evidence that the rings are a window into the astrophysical disk processes that shape our solar system.

This false-color image to the right shows an infrared spectral map of Saturn's A, B and C rings, captured by Cassini's VIMS. Infrared image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/CNRS/LPG-Nantes Saturn image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic

A mosaic showing Daphnis in the Keeler gap on the lit side of the rings, with three wave crests of the structure raised by Daphnis in the gap’s outer edge. (Middle and bottom) Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer radial scans across the lit side of the main rings, displayed as false-color images. Reddish colors signify a higher fraction of components other than water ice. The boxed region in the middle panel indicates the location of the bottom panel.

Cassini, the little probe that could. RIP.

Competency+

The competency of NASA never ceases to amaze, particularly regarding New Horizons
and it's rendezvous with Pluto. Astounding to say the least.

The newest high-resolution images of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons are both dazzling and mystifying, revealing a multitude of previously unseen topographic and compositional details.

One image, showing an area on Pluto’s best-mapped hemisphere near the line that separates day from night, captures a vast rippling landscape of strange, aligned linear ridges that has astonished New Horizons team members.

“It’s a unique and perplexing landscape stretching over hundreds of miles,” says William McKinnon, a New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging (GGI) team deputy lead from Washington University in St. Louis. “It looks more like tree bark or dragon scales than geology. This’ll really take time to figure out; maybe it’s some combination of internal tectonic forces and ice sublimation driven by Pluto’s faint sunlight.”

The “snakeskin” image of Pluto’s surface is just one tantalizing piece of data New Horizons sent back in recent days. The spacecraft also captured the highest-resolution color view yet of Pluto – along with detailed spectral maps and other high-resolution images.

The new “extended color” view of Pluto – taken by New Horizons’ wide-angle Ralph/Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera (MVIC) on July 14 and downlinked to Earth on Sept. 19 – shows the extraordinarily rich color palette of Pluto.

Seen below is the snakeskin image of Planet Pluto. :)

Winemaking 101

A multicourse tasting lunch at Antica Terra.

Credit...Frank Ockenfels for The New York Times

My knowledge of wine is less than 0 as my wife knows far more about this arcane craft than I though I like dry reds better than dry whites, which compromises my depth of understanding of a discipline that's been around for thousands of years.

The reason for this blurb is the fact Alex Halberstadt knows how to write. Fluid, direct and passionate, yours truly came away impressed with his take on a fanatical wine making genius by the name of Maggie Harrison in his NYTimes piece titled Maggie Harrison's War on Wine. 

We were there to sample Harrison’s wine, but to our surprise she began the tasting by pouring for us some of the finest wines from France, which is to say some of the best wines in the world, including one I’d always wanted to try, the Gevrey-Chambertin Vielle Vigne from Jean-Marie Fourrier, a pinot noir from a talented producer in Burgundy. (It was glorious.)

“I’m having you taste these wines,” Harrison explained finally, “to create a context in which to taste my wines.”

To grasp the audacity of this statement, you have to remember that Oregon’s wine culture is, relatively speaking, in its infancy. As far as we know, the state’s first pinot noir vines were planted in 1961, whereas the first vineyards in Burgundy date to at least the first century A.D. Harrison’s declaration was akin to my kicking off a reading in a local bookstore by reading passages from Flaubert, then announcing that I’d been creating a context in which to hear my work. Was this woman kidding?

Harrison’s most distinctive wine is a pinot noir called Antikythera (named for an ancient Greek astronomical calculator that is often described as the world’s first computer). 

You gotta love the name of her pinot noir, my favorite wine to drink without question. :)

Harrison considers wine, like art, to be “cultural, not natural.”

Credit...Frank Ockenfels for The New York Times

One reason as to why she's so good at what she does ...

She attributes her ability to map so many flavors in her mind at the same time to her synesthesia. The causes of the condition remain poorly understood, but at least one study suggests that synesthetes may have an enhanced capacity for creativity, possibly because of increased connectivity among regions of the cerebral cortex, and are more likely to enter creative professions. Nikola Tesla, David Hockney, Duke Ellington and Frank Ocean have reported having it. In “Speak, Memory,” Nabokov describes learning as a child that he shared the condition with his mother while playing with alphabet blocks: “We discovered that some of her letters had the same tint as mine.”

Like Nabokov, Harrison has grapheme-color synesthesia, a form in which numerals and letters become associated with colors, and this turns out to be especially useful in her work. As she tastes her way around the bottled samples, her brain turns every number into a distinct, vibrant color, until the wines in front of her become a palette of umbers, oranges and Prussian blues that she combines into a final composition that aspires to what she describes as “emotional transparency” and a “perfect tension between intensity and levity.” Her synesthesia allows her to hold this overwhelming amount of sensory data in her mind as a palette of color, “keeping it in the sensory realm,” she told me, “without having to translate it into language.”

Read Halberstadt's article in it's entirety to learn why wine and Harrison matters. :)

On the Notion of Rainbows

BRT has talked often about how language defines our notion of reality based on how said language is constructed, whether it be pictographic like Chinese and Japanese or modular like English or Russian. To that end, a good friend of mine posted an awesome link showing how English differs from Chinese when it comes to color, a most important aspect of describing reality without question.

Here's a fascinating visualization (seen above) created by Muyueh Lee that shows the differences between how the English language and Chinese language each describe colors. On the left, you can see the number of English names for color hues (there's a lot!) and on the right, the number of Chinese names (there's a little!).

Shown below is a dataset depicting specific breakdowns of color descriptions.

This is English

This is Chinese

Interesting, eh?

To see how this works in interactive 3D, Muyueh Lee's amazing site is the place to go as the interrelational aspects of just how deep this finding goes is truly astounding.

To yours truly, the notion that language describes our take on reality rings true as shown by Lee's incredibly creative and innovative research.

PS. Thanks Mark for turning me onto this. :)

Beyond computation ...

 

A new system developed by researchers at the University of Rochester allows them to conduct quantum simulations in a synthetic space that mimics the physical world by controlling the frequency, or color, of quantum entangled photons as time elapses.
Credit: University of Rochester illustration / Michael Osadciw

Everybody talks about quantum computing from the code-breaking and factoring side of things due to the fact the compute power of said systems goes beyond computation because qubits can be 0s AND 1s at the same time, thus exponentially increasing the ability to solve difficult problems beyond the kin of serial processing via bits - 0s OR 1s, the way every non-QC system in the world crunches data. With this said, the real power of QC may be its ability to recreate reality in finite space, a concept discussed in detail by Seth Lloyd in his seminal book titled Programming the Universe.

Recreating reality was just a conjecture, until now.

Scientists have made an important step toward developing computers advanced enough to simulate complex natural phenomena at the quantum level. While these types of simulations are too cumbersome or outright impossible for classical computers to handle, photonics-based quantum computing systems could provide a solution.

A team of researchers from the University of Rochester’s Hajim School of Engineering & Applied Sciences developed a new chip-scale optical quantum simulation system that could help make such a system feasible. The team, led by Qiang Lin, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and optics, published their findings on June 22 in the journal Nature Photonics.

Lin’s team ran the simulations in a synthetic space that mimics the physical world by controlling the frequency, or color, of quantum entangled photons as time elapses. This approach differs from the traditional photonics-based computing methods in which the paths of photons are controlled, and also drastically reduces the physical footprint and resource requirements.

“For the first time, we have been able to produce a quantum-correlated synthetic crystal,” says Lin. “Our approach significantly extends the dimensions of the synthetic space, enabling us to perform simulations of several quantum-scale phenomena such as random walks of quantum entangled photons.”

The researchers say that this system can serve as a basis
for more intricate simulations in the future.

Channeling the monolith ...

Fall 2015/Light/Color & Image

Fall 2015 was spectacular due to the perfect combination of rain/sun/heat & cold needed to amp up the transition from all green to all shades of green plus yellows tamping down to browns as NE moved into November.  Hopefully, this video captures, in small part, this most beautiful of seasons with it's take on light, color and imagery. Stellar without question. Enjoy.

The Eyes have it :)

Yours truly loves jumping spiders. Tiny, inquisitive and incredibly smart, these engaging little guys captivate me to no end while also being an extremely successful predator to the max. The reason for the jumper's skill set is readily seen by this truly excellent clip describing how this amazing arachnid sees the world indirectly connects to the deep relationship of additive and subtractive color spaces as articulated in a "wonderful" series of blurbs residing in BRT under color. :)

Why talk about this? Well, vision is a prime driver of intelligence as it requires serious brain power to negotiate the 3D space in which all life lives. From the development of vision over 540 million years ago in the Cambrian to today, the capability to see was and is essential for almost all life on this planet to survive.

The stigma (2) of the euglena hides a light-sensitive spot.

Rev II

Major stages in the evolution of the eye in vertebrates

In closing ...

The human eye, showing the iris and pupil

the Eyes have it. :)

Jumpers also hear, very well, without question. 

Science, done well, never disappoints. :)

Stitch by Stitch ...

Data from past proton-electron collisions provide strong evidence of entanglement among the proton’s sea of quarks (spheres) and gluons (squiggles), which may play an important role in their strong-force interactions. Credit: Valerie Lentz/Brookhaven National Laboratory

As stated often in BRT, everything's connected as entanglement, at the most fundamental level, has now been proven to exist when researchers discovered entanglement occurring in protons via quark/gluon interactions. This important discovery may also help show how time emerges as entanglement resides in every sub atomic particle inside every atom in the universe.  How cool is that? :)

A proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, and the gluons that mediate the forces "binding" them together. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present; red, blue and green are used as an analogy to the primary colors that together produce a white color.

A Feynman diagram showing the radiation of a gluon
when an electron and positron are annihilated.

Researchers at Brookhaven Lab discovered that quarks and gluons inside protons are entangled, reshaping the understanding of proton structure.

Using quantum information science, they validated theoretical predictions with collision data, paving the way for studies at the Electron-Ion Collider.

Peering Inside Protons With Quantum Science

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, along with their collaborators, have developed a novel method to explore the inner workings of protons. Using quantum information science, they analyze data from high-energy electron-proton collisions to map how particle tracks are shaped by quantum entanglement within the proton.

Their findings reveal that quarks and gluons—the fundamental particles that form a proton’s structure—experience quantum entanglement. This phenomenon, famously dubbed “spooky action at a distance” by Albert Einstein, allows particles to share information about their states, such as spin direction, even when separated. However, in protons, this entanglement happens at astonishingly small scales—less than one quadrillionth of a meter—and extends across the entire group of quarks and gluons within the proton.

Start Point ...

QC's other uses ...

In Valeria Saggio’s Vienna lab, she directed a laser of single photons into a special quantum circuit to show how the vagaries of quantum physics can improve machine learning.

What's curious about quantum systems is the sole focus by the press on said tech being the end-all for breaking encryption instead of discussing why QC would also be perfect for AI-driven neural nets and ray tracing due to the inherent parallelism of qubits being in superposition to enable quantum computers to escape the limitations of serial processing forever.

For Valeria Saggio to boot up the computer in her former Vienna lab, she needed a special crystal, only as big as her fingernail. Saggio would place it gently into a small copper box, a tiny electric oven, which would heat the crystal to 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Then she would switch on a laser to bombard the crystal with a beam of photons.

This crystal, at this precise temperature, would split some of those photons into two photons. One of these would go straight to a light detector, its journey finished; the other would travel into a tiny silicon chip — a quantum computing processor. Miniature instruments on the chip could drive the photon down different paths, but ultimately there were only two outcomes: the right way, and the many wrong ways. Based on the result, her processor could choose another path and try again.

The sequence feels more Rube Goldberg than Windows, but the goal was to have a quantum computer teach itself a task: Find the right way out. For Saggio, a quantum physicist who moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology a few weeks ago, the project was akin to sticking a robot in a maze. The computer must learn the right path without any prior knowledge of where to turn along the way. It’s not too hard a chore — a normal classical computer could brute-force its way through dead ends and lucky guesses. But Saggio wondered, “Can quantum mechanics help?” She and her collaborators showed last year that it can.

Crucially, the chip is not just moving through faster cycles of trial-and-error, said Lucas Lamata, a quantum machine learning expert at the University of Seville. “The novelty in this paper is that they show a speedup in learning. [It’s] an important breakthrough.” Quantum mechanics makes the system learn in fewer steps. In that sense, it shows in an experiment what Temme’s theoretical speedup promised: Quantum physics can outwit — not just outrun — classical computing. 

It's all about kernels.

Samuel Velasco/Quanta Magazine

The story of MAGI Mathematical Applications Group Incorporated begins with the “simple” question, “What paths would radiation take when a 20 megaton nuke goes off? Hypothetical target? NYC." 

MAGI was tasked to answer the question by inventing ray tracing to track the radiation paths of the nuke’s blast to the environment but also to apply the same technique to imaging as a nuke is a single energy source like a light bulb and blast and light rays propagate exactly the same but with the difference being light rays nondestructively intersect with objects and react according to the kind of characteristics the objects in question may possess like color, texture, transparency and reflectivity, using the laws of physics to generate an accurate 3D rendering of the scene in question. Computationally intense, ray tracing, and it's even more complex sibling, radiosity, are the most accurate ways to render high-resolution 3D scenes known to science. Note, in reality, rays propagate from light sources to illuminate the scene in question. 

Which means QC would be perfect for this kind of intense image creation without question.

Illustration of the ray-tracing algorithm for one pixel (up to the first bounce)

The ray-tracing algorithm builds an image by extending rays into a scene and bouncing them off surfaces and towards sources of light to approximate the color value of pixels.

It's only the beginning. :)

Woolly Bear :)

Where's he going? In a hurry I see. The absolute harbinger of fall without question.
Awesome to the max. :)

The Woolly becomes an adult Isabella tiger moth

Factoids ...

Canadian and U.S. folklore holds that the relative amounts of brown and black hair on a larva indicate the severity of the coming winter. It is believed that if a Pyrrharctia isabella's brown band is wide, winter weather will be mild, and if the brown band is narrow, the winter will be severe. In a variation of this story, the color of stripes predicts the winter weather, with darker stripes indicating a harsher winter. In reality, hatchlings from the same clutch of eggs can display considerable variation in their color banding, and a larva's brown band tends to widen with age as it molts.[9]

Another version of this belief is that the direction in which a Pyrrharctia isabella crawls indicates the winter weather, with the caterpillar crawling south to escape colder weather. There is no scientific evidence for winter weather prediction by Pyrrharctia isabella.[10]

The little guy above was heading South big time. :)

The Blue Screen of Death ...

The 'Blue Screen of Death' or Blue Screen error was displayed if a serious problem caused Windows to shut down or restart unexpectedly to prevent data loss (File Photo: July 19, 2024)

Don't do it, as the BSOD was part and parcel of a demonic methodology designed to enrage MS users to no end when the OS crashed, particularly often when NT ruled the roost. MS, in their infinite wisdom, as far as I can tell, used the B part of the additive color space of RGB to make sure us rubes knew instantly when the OS vapor locked at the worst possible time.

A diagram demonstrating additive color with RGB

To whit.

Microsoft is killing its infamous "Blue Screen of Death" after more than four decades. The notorious error message will soon be set against a black background.

The technology giant made the announcement in a blog post on Thursday as it outlined wider measures to improve the resilience of the Windows operating system.

"Now it's easier than ever to navigate unexpected restarts and recover faster," the company wrote.

The efforts by Microsoft come in light of the 2024 Crowdstike incident which led to a mammoth IT outage, crashing millions of Windows systems across the globe.

How is Microsoft changing its error messages?

The "Blue Screen of Death" or Blue Screen error was displayed if a serious problem caused Windows to shut down or restart unexpectedly to prevent data loss.

This is akin to George Carlin explaining why Shell Shock is far more effective in describing trauma in wartime vs PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) as MS is doing the same thing via corporate speak in ending the most effective way possible in showing us when Windows exited the scene, as stated before, at the worst possible time. :)

It seems ...

Well, it seems entanglement may be everywhere now that researchers recently discovered it to exist in the proton with its constituent parts, quarks and gluons, exchanging information instantaneously in similar fashion to electrons and photons, thus proving spooky action at a distance may be the fundamental way reality is stitched together to enable space and time to emerge as needs warrant. 

The neutron awaits ...

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion process can split photons
into type II photon pairs with mutually perpendicular polarization.

Picture two particles that can communicate instantly, regardless of how far apart they are. This phenomenon, known as quantum entanglement, challenges our understanding of how the Universe operates. Once considered a bizarre paradox by Albert Einstein, who referred to it as “spooky action at a distance,” entanglement has been repeatedly demonstrated on a macroscopic scale. More recently, scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery: this peculiar phenomenon also occurs within protons, the fundamental building blocks of matter. This revelation is reshaping our view of the microscopic world and paving the way for new scientific explorations.

A hadron is a composite subatomic particle. Every hadron must fall into
one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions.

Quarks and gluons are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, which in turn are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. Scientists’ current understanding is that quarks and gluons are indivisible—they cannot be broken down into smaller components. They are the only fundamental particles to have something called color-charge. Quarks can have a positive or negative electric charge (like protons and electrons) Gluons have no electric charge.

A gluon (/ˈɡluːɒn/ GLOO-on) is a type of massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. 

Diagram 1: In Feynman diagrams, emitted gluons are represented as helices.
This diagram depicts the annihilation of an electron and positron.

The Proton

The valence quark content of a proton. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present. Forces between quarks are mediated by gluons.