The ultimate predator

Lovebirds at a local bird market in Guilin, China, ready for shipment to pet stores. Fischer’s Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) is a small parrot species of the lovebird genus. It is native to a small area of central East Africa, south and southeast of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania. 

Credit: David Davis Photoproductions RF/Alamy Stock Photo

Humans prey on more vertebrate species for use as pets and in medicine 

and other products than we do for food

Nothing more needs to be said.

But a tiny sliver ...

When looking at this pix photographed by yours truly during a train trip to hang out with my brother, one readily sees our take on existence is but a tiny sliver thanks to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Godel's Incompleteness Theorems and the two laws of thermodynamics as complete knowledge of any given event experienced by us at any point in time is impossible.

In essence, uncertainty defines the ultimate limit on how one views reality.

Formulated by the German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg in 1927, the uncertainty principle states that we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy; the more we nail down the particle's position, the less we know about its speed and vice versa.

In other words, if we could shrink a tortoise down to the size of an electron, we would only be able to precisely calculate its speed or its location, not both at the same time.

In terms of Godel ...

For any such consistent formal system, there will always be statements about natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system. The second incompleteness theorem, an extension of the first, shows that the system cannot demonstrate its own consistency.

i.e. This sentence is false.

Regarding thermodynamics ...

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only transformed. This means that a system always has the same amount of energy, unless it's added from the outside.

Entropy is the general trend of the universe toward death and disorder.

The arrow of time rules.

Passing thru

The Quantum Foam speaks

The Quantum Foam speaks as scientists have now discovered ongoing gravitational waves, generated by massive celestial objects like black holes, roiling the QF fabric of reality 24/7. 

NANOGrav can’t yet make out individual gravitational wave sources. Instead, the team has found evidence for the background hum of all low-frequency gravitational waves. It’s like a buoy bouncing up and down in a busy harbor — it can’t distinguish the wake of a single boat, but its motion can reveal that there are some big objects slicing through the water.

Objects of greater mass produce gravitational waves of lower frequency. For example, the most massive celestial body in the universe, the supermassive black hole binaries (with 100 million to 100 billion times the solar mass) in the center of galaxies, mainly generate gravitational waves in the nanohertz band, with corresponding signal time scales from years to decades. This frequency band also includes gravitational wave contributions from processes of the early universe as well as exotic objects such as cosmic strings.

In Einstein’s reimagined universe, space is not serenely empty, and time does not march smoothly forward. Instead, the powerful gravitational interactions of massive objects — including supermassive black holes — regularly ripple the fabric of space and time. The picture that emerges is a universe that looks like a choppy sea, churned by violent events that happened over the course of the past 13 billion-plus years.

At base level, Quantum Foam is reality ...

Thus, at the tiny quantum level, empty space isn’t empty. It’s actually a vibrant place, with tiny subatomic particles appearing and disappearing in wanton abandon. This appearance and disappearance has some superficial resemblance to the effervescent behavior of the foam on the top of a freshly poured beer, with bubbles appearing and disappearing — hence the term “quantum foam.”

Proof positive - Nothing is not nothing at all. :)

Another demonstration of the quantum foam comes courtesy of the Casimir Effect, named after Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir. The effect goes something like this: Take two metal plates and put them very near one another in a perfect vacuum, separated by a tiny fraction of a millimeter. If the quantum foam idea is right, then the vacuum surrounding the plates is filled with an unseen flurry of subatomic particles blinking into and out of existence.

Scientists made several measurements of the Casimir effect, however it was in 2001 when the effect was conclusively demonstrated using the geometry I have described here. The pressure due to the quantum foam causes the plates to move. The quantum foam is real. Nothing is something after all.

Bubbling up. In this artist’s impression, spacetime at the Planck scale is a quantum foam. A new analysis suggests that even though this foam may have an enormous energy, it can still resemble a zero-energy vacuum on large scales.

Quantum fluctuations or the lack of nothingness rules ... forever. :)

Addendum: 

Such gravitational waves are distinct from the kinds that were previously reported from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and other Earth-based detectors. For one thing, the waves spotted via pulsars wouldn’t all be traceable to individual merger events: they would form the so-called gravitational-wave background, the ambient rustling of spacetime built up from cumulative mergers throughout the cosmos. Another important distinction is that in their crest-to-trough span, each of these waves should be approximately the size of our solar system—which counterintuitively makes them much harder to detect. Washing over pulsar-strewn space, these gargantuan swells in spacetime could betray their presence via minuscule offsets to the dead stars’ spins, allowing observers to glimpse them through painstaking measurements. In a collection of five papers released today, that is essentially what NANOGrav claims to have done.

Dante's Inferno looms ...

 

Modelling of mean surface temperature, precipitation and precipitation-evaporation budgets according to pre-Industrial levels through to worse-case scenarios of carbon dioxide levels nine times that of pre-Industrial conditions. Credit: Cramwinckel et al. 2023

GW, the gift that keeps on gifting, has run amok several times in Earth's history with the greatest heat-up conjectured to have occurred around 56 million years ago, an era known as the PETM, the Paleocene-Ecocene Thermal Maximum, where CO2 concentrations rose above 1000 in ramping up temps15C warmer than today, thus rendering large parts of the world uninhabitable during the PETM  for a period lasting from 20,000 to 50,000 years. 

Climate change during the last 65 million years as expressed by the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) is characterized by a brief but prominent excursion, attributed to rapid warming. Note that the excursion is understated in this graph due to the smoothing of data.

Researchers hypothesize there were no clouds during the PETM
due to the intense injection of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Processes responsible for the cloud deck breaking up around 1,200 ppm CO2 in the model.
 Temperatures shown in units of kelvins.

The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (56–48 million years ago) was one of the warmest intervals of the last 66 million years, with mean global surface temperatures over 14°C warmer than present. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were elevated to >1,000 parts per million (ppm; by comparison modern levels are ~400 ppm) and mean sea surface temperature was up to 16°C warmer than pre-Industrial temperatures, while latitudinal temperature gradients (the temperature difference between the equator and poles) peaked at 22°C. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports predict that Eocene climate could be reached by 2100, under worse-case scenario models.

Note, this was when the world was NOT POLLUTED nor was there habitat loss prior to the PETM event.

Canto I from the Inferno, the first part of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.

Vetting data ...

Illustration by Lindsay Ballant/The Lever

Vetting data is rather important, something often not done right under the rubric of AI, is becoming prevalent as it's cheaper to use AI to verify information than us rubes as seen by a Lever article titled

 Artificial Intelligence Is Making The Housing Crisis Worse.

To whit.

When Chris Robinson applied to move into a California senior living community five years ago, the property manager ran his name through an automated screening program that reportedly used artificial intelligence to detect “higher-risk renters.” Robinson, then 75, was denied after the program assigned him a low score — one that he later learned was based on a past conviction for littering.

Not only did the crime have little bearing on whether Robinson would be a good tenant, it wasn’t even one that he’d committed. The program had turned up the case of a 33-year-old man with the same name in Texas — where Robinson had never lived. He eventually corrected the error but lost the apartment and his application fee nonetheless, according to a federal class-action lawsuit that moved towards settlement this month. The credit bureau TransUnion, one of the largest actors in the multi-billion-dollar tenant screening industry, agreed to pay $11.5 million to resolve claims that its programs violated fair credit reporting laws.

It's all about the money yet again.

Thinking long term ...

Feature detection (pictured: edge detection) 

helps AI compose informative abstract structures out of raw data.

In a previous piece, yours truly talked about Google getting serious about AI and why Deep Mind has the gravitas to do a number on Chat GPT due to the extensive experience Google has in all things relating to AI. IMHO, the giant has awaken and all bets are off on how pervasive AI will become as civilization movers further into the 21st century.

IN 2016, AN artificial intelligence program called AlphaGo from Google’s DeepMind AI lab made history by defeating a champion player of the board game Go. Now Demis Hassabis, DeepMind’s cofounder and CEO, says his engineers are using techniques from AlphaGo to make an AI system dubbed Gemini that will be more capable than that behind OpenAI’s ChatGPT.

DeepMind’s Gemini, which is still in development, is a large language model that works with text and is similar in nature to GPT-4, which powers ChatGPT. But Hassabis says his team will combine that technology with techniques used in AlphaGo, aiming to give the system new capabilities such as planning or the ability to solve problems.

AlphaGo was based on a technique DeepMind has pioneered called reinforcement learning, in which software learns to take on tough problems that require choosing what actions to take like in Go or video games by making repeated attempts and receiving feedback on its performance. It also used a method called tree search to explore and remember possible moves on the board. The next big leap for language models may involve them performing more tasks on the internet and on computers. 

Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning[130]

Thinking long term applies, does it not?

On the take ...

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito and billionaire hedge fund manager Paul Singer. 

(AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite and Kevin Hagen)

Yet another SC justice on the take, just another reminder it's all about the money.

The hedge fund of Justice Samuel Alito’s billionaire benefactor has been using a recent Alito-backed Supreme Court ruling to try to pressure federal regulators to back off new financial rules designed to fight fraud, according to documents reviewed by The Lever.

The hedge fund, Elliott Management, has been arguing that the rules are unconstitutional, and could ultimately try to bring a case before Alito to strike down the new regulations if they are enacted. The high court is currently considering a petition to hear a separate case involving the same firm.

ProPublica this week reported that Elliott Management founder, president, and co-CEO Paul Singer provided an undisclosed private jet flight to Alito, and has been a major donor to the Judicial Crisis Network, a dark money group that has funded campaigns to install conservative judges throughout the judiciary — including Alito. The justice has declined to recuse himself in past cases involving the hedge fund.

Any questions?

The network effect ...

Bialowieza Forest in Poland.Credit...Wojtek Radwanski/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Everything's connected. From quantum entanglement at the subatomic level to the intricate interactions of life on earth, connectivity reigns supreme, something readily seen with how fungi interacts with almost every living land entity in ways just beginning to be understood.

To whit ...

About 500 million years ago, when aquatic plants began to inch toward land, they couldn’t live there on their own. They enlisted fungal mycelium networks, which served as their root systems for a few tens of millions of years before they developed their own and could live independently. Still, about 90 percent of plants depend on symbiotic fungi.

But during that time, the planet was transformed: Early plants and their fungal networks helped lower the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by 90 percent, enabling the conditions for life on Earth as we know it.

Fungi, the great connector, is everywhere as without it, life on earth, in its current form, could not exist.

There is also a growing awareness of the fundamental interconnectedness of the living world — driven both by new research and by the worsening fallout from our ecocidal activities — which has prompted an ecological turn in academic and popular discourse. Fungi embody the most basic principle of ecology: that of the relationships between organisms. Mycelium is ecological connective tissue and reminds us that all life-forms, humans included, are bound up within seething networks of relationships, some visible and some less so.

Fungi may have become poster organisms for ecological thinking, but interest in fungal lives has also been driven by the rise of network science. “Network” has become a master concept, from computing to sociology, to neuroscience, ecology, economic systems. Fungi are ancient living networks, and the recent surge of interest in these organisms reflects our modern fascination with the extraordinary power of networks, from transport systems to the internet, to shape our lives and cultures.

BorgQueen - Sources clockwise from top left: File:Amanita muscaria tyndrum.jpg, File:Scarlet elf cap cadnant dingle.jpg, File:Mouldy bread alt.jpg, File:Spizellomycete.jpg, File:Aspergillus.jpg 

3.5" ...

This visualization watches the global mean sea level change through a circular window. The blue mark on the ruler shows the exact measurements of the Integrated Multi-Mission Ocean Altimeter Data for Climate Research. The level of the animated water changes more smoothly, driven by a 60-day floating average of the same data.

3.5" is not a big deal unless one sees what 3.5" really means when seeing sea level rise
do its thing over the past 30 years through the lens of a porthole. 

NASA has released a chilling animation showing just how far sea levels have risen in the three short decades its satellites have been monitoring them.

The data visualization, released last week, is the work of Andrew J. Christensen, a data visualizer for the NASA Scientific Visualization Studio. By animating observed changes in global sea level captured by satellites whizzing overhead between 1993 and 2022, the imagery transforms a complex mix of numbers into something far more relatable.

In those 30 years, sea levels have risen by over 9 centimeters (about 3.5 inches). That might not sound like much, only a hand's length, but when those changes are visualized as water lapping at a ship-like window, it starts to feel very real.

NASA began collecting satellite data on sea surface levels in 1993. (Andrew J Christensen/NASA SVS)

From it to bit/rev II

 

From John Wheeler (1983), Law Without Law. In: Quantum theory and measurement.

The act of observation generates the collapse of the wave function as described by the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, the physics of the very small, an Alice in Wonderland view of the universe writ large when seen under the guise of exquisitely designed experiments showing how this aspect of reality rings true. What's interesting is the fact the act of observation is often anthropomorphized and not viewed as a core element of how existence functions as everything's entangled and decohered outside of the realm of humanity, thus enabling us rubes to see a consistent view of existence save for the extraordinary experiments conducted by physicists obsessed with how reality works at deep level.

Wheeler's insightful notion of existence being an information construct makes sense as the boson, (the photon), the carrier force of the electromagnetic, becomes digital by transitioning into discrete energy packets (quanta) when absorbed by leptons (the electron), a radical solution to the black body problem described in detail by Max Planck in 1900, thus introducing Quantum Mechanics to the world, the prime driver giving rise to the digital age in which we all live.  Prior to absorption,  photons, aka light, exist as analog waves, something readily seen by Thomas Young's brilliant 1801 double slit experiment.

Light as a wave, Thomas Young - 1801

In the final decades of his life, the question that intrigued Wheeler most was: “Are life and mind irrelevant to the structure of the universe, or are they central to it?” He suggested that the nature of reality was revealed by the bizarre laws of quantum mechanics. According to the quantum theory, before the observation is made, a subatomic particle exists in several states, called a superposition (or, as Wheeler called it, a 'smoky dragon'). Once the particle is observed, it instantaneously collapses into a single position.

From wave to bit applies, does it not?

Fig. 19.1 (the first image in Wheeler's paper). At the end of his caption Wheeler calls this a "Symbol, also, in a broader sense, of the theme that every physical entity, every it, derives from bits."

Wheeler: It from bit. Otherwise put, every it—every particle, every field of force, even the space-time continuum itself—derives its function, its meaning, its very existence entirely—even if in some contexts indirectly—from the apparatus-elicited answers to yes-or-no questions, binary choices, bits. It from bit symbolizes the idea that every item of the physical world has at bottom—at a very deep bottom, in most instances—an immaterial source and explanation; that which we call reality arises in the last analysis from the posing of yes-no questions and the registering of equipment-evoked responses; in short, that all things physical are information-theoretic in origin and that this is a participatory universe.[85]

Independent from the human equation regarding observation works for me. :)

John Archibald Wheeler

The Black Body Problem

The ultraviolet catastrophe is the error at short wavelengths in the Rayleigh–Jeans law (depicted as "classical theory" in the graph) for the energy emitted by an ideal black body. The error, much more pronounced for short wavelengths, is the difference between the black curve (as classically predicted by the Rayleigh–Jeans law) and the blue curve (the measured curve as predicted by Planck's law).

Charley's gift to Redding :)

 

Complexification 101 ...

Keith Corl, a critical care specialist who quit a lucrative job in finance to become a physician.
Credit...Balazs Gardi for The New York Times

HC in America is in crisis as it's all about the money yet again with doctors, nurses and patients being compromised thanks to the inherent corruption of the system nobody seems to understand, a situation purposely cultivated by the powers at be to keep everyone in the dark regarding an industry no one seems to understand.

HC operates differently than any other business in the world due to the fact billing is separate from services rendered, a notion the Apple's of the world would consider to be patently ridiculous from the get go as Apple can do P&L without question while major hospitals do guesstimates due to the fact the workflow's wrong thanks to the indirect way billing is connected to services rendered.

See chart below

Why is billing separate from services rendered? Well, in medical, procedures are always delineated before diagnosis, a patiently ludicrous concept as a doctor has to diagnose what's going on with a patient before recommending a procedure to help the patient in question. Why is this so? Because it's easier to split the note from the claim, thus gaming the system to make ever more profits, when the two are purposely reversed even though the doctor's note always drives the claim, (Note/Medical | Claim/financial), something HC providers purposely did years ago even though the note/claim entity has been a unified construct as seen in the fields used to define the dataset when the government pushed for the industry to go electronic back in the 1970's.  

The artificial split of the Note/Claim entity. Note/medical | Claim/financial
This split also renders the ability to do effective P&L impossible

The corporatization of health care has changed the practice of medicine, causing many physicians to feel alienated from their work.

Some years ago, a psychiatrist named Wendy Dean read an article about a physician who died by suicide. Such deaths were distressingly common, she discovered. The suicide rate among doctors appeared to be even higher than the rate among active military members, a notion that startled Dean, who was then working as an administrator at a U.S. Army medical research center in Maryland. Dean started asking the physicians she knew how they felt about their jobs, and many of them confided that they were struggling. Some complained that they didn’t have enough time to talk to their patients because they were too busy filling out electronic medical records. Others bemoaned having to fight with insurers about whether a person with a serious illness would be preapproved for medication. The doctors Dean surveyed were deeply committed to the medical profession. But many of them were frustrated and unhappy, she sensed, not because they were burned out from working too hard but because the health care system made it so difficult to care for their patients.

Truer words never spoken

In July 2018, Dean published an essay with Simon G. Talbot, a plastic and reconstructive surgeon, that argued that many physicians were suffering from a condition known as moral injury. Military psychiatrists use the term to describe an emotional wound sustained when, in the course of fulfilling their duties, soldiers witnessed or committed acts — raiding a home, killing a noncombatant — that transgressed their core values. Doctors on the front lines of America’s profit-driven health care system were also susceptible to such wounds, Dean and Talbot submitted, as the demands of administrators, hospital executives and insurers forced them to stray from the ethical principles that were supposed to govern their profession. The pull of these forces left many doctors anguished and distraught, caught between the Hippocratic oath and “the realities of making a profit from people at their sickest and most vulnerable.”

The system must change, NOW.

Joan is Awful

Joan is Awful, Black Mirror's clever take on AI, combines quantum computing, a satire on clickbait and last but not least, the elimination of privacy, is a total hoot while being rather disquieting at the same time.

The content machine does seem to be catching up to people’s real lives: The gap between a huge financial scandal and the announcement of the inevitable Michael Lewis book about it used to be years or months; now it’s days. In the UK, Sky produced a dramatization of the British government’s handling of the pandemic while Covid-19 was still tearing through communities. (Spoiler alert: They blew it.)

The logical conclusion of that narrowing of the gap between inspiration and dramatization—through Black Mirror’s twisted, worst-case-scenario lens—is what viewers see in “Joan Is Awful”: personalized content, generated by artificial intelligence, using deepfakes of famous actors as stand-ins for regular people. Joan—a mid-level executive at a generic startup played by Schitt’s Creek’s Annie Murphy—gets home after a difficult day at the office to find the events of that very day have been turned into a slick television show starring Salma Hayek as the titular character. Things spiral from there—there are layers upon layers, content all the way down.

Two questions to ask are ... who do you trust and will AI, as per Bill Joy's brilliant Why the Future doesn't Need Us, take over running things because humanity's doing a rather inept job of managing business on planet earth as we speak. 

No one knows, do one. - Fat Waller

It's all about the money/rev LI

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman (left) and Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella (right)

Money rules or Fools rush in where angels fear to tread, applies, in this case, to Microsoft, in launching a product not ready for prime time, designed to beat Google, is problematic at best because again, it's all about the money and not exercising sound business practice as depicted by the two articles seen below. In the long term, yours truly senses the path being taken by Google will prevail regarding AI because Google's been in the game far longer thanks to Deep Mind, the British AI company Google bought back in 2015, Google Translate becoming the language translation engine for the world and last but not least, Google's intense connect to the web via search.

To whit ...

Microsoft’s multiyear, multibillion-dollar partnership with OpenAI isn’t new. The tech giant first invested in the Sam Altman-led artificial intelligence (AI) behemoth in 2019, starting off with a $1 billion investment, followed by another in 2021. And again in January 2023, the two renewed their tech camaraderie in what is rumored to be a $10 billion investment.

On the surface, everything seems great between the two, with Bill Gates saying AI is the next big thing in the tech industry. But a new report by the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) says that there is tension brewing between the two companies, which has made their partnership "awkward."

Never do 49%

Microsoft and OpenAI’s partnership is one of the hottest tie-ups in tech right now. The relationship has also produced conflict and confusion behind the scenes, according to people familiar with the matter.

Microsoft invested billions to get early access to the generative artificial intelligence technology of much smaller OpenAI, a forerunner in the field. But it specifically invested only 49%, a setup that helps the arrangement avoid antitrust scrutiny. 

The result is a kind of open relationship—together, but not exclusive. OpenAI has been arming some of Microsoft’s biggest rivals, while Microsoft has effectively limited the potential search-engine customers for OpenAI. 

Money rules ...

OpenAI has continued to develop partnerships with other companies. Microsoft archrival Salesforce offers a ChatGPT-infused product called Einstein GPT. It is a feature that can do things like generating marketing emails, competing with OpenAI-powered features in Microsoft’s software. 

OpenAI also has connected with different search engines over the past 12 months to discuss licensing its products, said people familiar with the matter, as Microsoft was putting OpenAI technology at the center of a new version of its Bing search engine. 

Where fools rush in ... 

Alexander Pope - Portrait by Michael Dahl, c. 1727

OpenAI, meanwhile, had suggested Microsoft move slower on integrating its AI technology with Bing. OpenAI’s team flagged the risks of pushing out a chatbot based on an unreleased version of its GPT-4 that hadn’t been given more training, according to people familiar with the matter. OpenAI warned it would take time to minimize issues like inaccurate or bizarre responses. 

Microsoft went ahead with the release of the Bing chatbot. The warnings proved accurate. Users encountered incorrect answers and concerning interactions with the tool. Microsoft later issued new restrictions—including a limit on conversation length—on how the new Bing could be used.

And so it goes. - K. Vonnegut

The art of observation ...

Rev II on the duality of existence or why do we see a consistent view of reality even though Quantum Mechanics, as seen through the lens of precise experiments, shows, without question, the Alice in Wonderland characteristics of Quantum Mechanics to be anything but deterministic. Well, because everything is entangled and decohered, observation, which collapses the wave function, driven by existence 24/7, allows us to experience reality in consistent fashion.

To whit ...

Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence, the process in which a system's behaviour changes from that which can be explained by quantum mechanics to that which can be explained by classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system; a probabilistic interpretation of the wave function is used to explain various quantum effects. As long as there exists a definite phase relation between different states, the system is said to be coherent. A definite phase relationship is necessary to perform quantum computing on quantum information encoded in quantum states. Coherence is preserved under the laws of quantum physics.

If a quantum system were perfectly isolated, it would maintain coherence indefinitely, but it would be impossible to manipulate or investigate it. If it is not perfectly isolated, for example during a measurement, coherence is shared with the environment and appears to be lost with time; a process called quantum decoherence or environmental decoherence. As a result of this process, quantum behavior is apparently lost, just as energy appears to be lost by friction in classical mechanics.

In classical scattering of a target body by environmental photons, the motion of the target body will not be changed by the scattered photons on the average. In quantum scattering, the interaction between the scattered photons and the superposed target body will cause them to be entangled, thereby delocalizing the phase coherence from the target body to the whole system, rendering the interference pattern unobservable.

When the entanglement of a particle is experimentally created, the wonders of QM become evident.

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion process can split photons into type II photon pairs with mutually perpendicular polarization.

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon that occurs when a group of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance. The topic of quantum entanglement is at the heart of the disparity between classical and quantum physics: entanglement is a primary feature of quantum mechanics not present in classical mechanics.[1]

Everything is entangled

When two particles interact, their quantum states generally become entangled. Further interaction with other particles spreads the entanglement far and wide. Subsequent local manipulations of separated particles cannot, in the absence of quantum communication, undo the entanglement.

This is why precise experiments show how coherence occurs when depicting some of the wonderful mysteries of Quantum Mechanics while decoherence hides the mysteries of same under the guise of classical. :)